HISTORY WC: THE EVOLUTION OF A HEALTH FACILITIES

Did you know that flushing toilets existed there for thousands of years? Although we still do not know with certainty whether Indian, Chinese and Sumerians were the first to use such a toilet there 4000 or 5000 years, we are sure of one thing: to 2500 BC, the Greeks already had toilets and sewage systems. Approximately 1000 years later, the Romans built the "Cloaca Maxima" the vast sewer of ancient Rome. They also had latrines but whose use was reserved for the rich, who settled there several convivialement and there discussing their small business while doing what they had to do.

The fall of the Roman Empire also resulted in the disappearance of the early health culture. Central Europe in the Middle Ages, the stench was everywhere: the toilet flush did not exist more than systems of sewage disposal, each was therefore needs outside or emptied his pot room in the gutter.

It was not until the late 16th century that things began to change: the English poet Sir John Harington invented the toilet first "modern" response to a request of his famous aunt, Queen Elizabeth I. His contemporaries mocked this invention, considering that it was a bad joke, so that the first law of modern times fell into oblivion, while Harington had yet made specific plans.

Nearly 200 years later, in 1775, the English inventor Alexander Cummings invented the toilet equipped with S-shaped pipe still used today and patented this system:

the triumphal march of "water closet" had begun.

During the second half of the 19th century, scientists such as Louis Pasteur realized that there was a link between the disease and health - increasing importance was therefore attached to this notion. The specialist Villeroy & Boch ceramics realized early on that the field of sanitary equipment (bath, washbasin, toilet, tiles) offered a tremendous commercial potential. In 1870, Villeroy & Boch began to equip public baths, private bathrooms and hospitals tiles easy to clean. The company began to offer a small range of urinals and toilets in the mid-1870s. The development of new production methods and new materials enabled soon reach the stage of industrial production: thanks to the new "sanitary ware", Villeroy & Boch was able - from 1899 - to produce sanitary fittings and facilities with flushing system in such large quantities that they became available also in broad layers of the population. The democratization of culture and hygiene bath was launched.

But by 1950, the housing were generally not equipped with WC in Germany they had in the best case a simple bathroom.

It took until the 1960s to see a change: the bathroom became a functional part devoted to hygiene and arranged as practical and ergonomic as possible.

During the 1970s, the bathroom started to gain its status as a place of relaxation.In 1975, Luigi Colani created for Villeroy & Boch bathroom design almost revolutionary when it was the first time a designer is interested in objects equipped bathroom and toilet. Colani gave them a design based on ergonomic principles and imaginative soft shapes and tailored to the body.

There are now a wide range of WC , who wear different shapes and various colors and have additional comfort features: WC WC on foot or hanging together and WC cistern water or installation not recessed, flat-bottomed bowl with intermediate ceramic cup or washdown with direct access to the water. But that's not all: in recent years, several innovations have been designed to increase comfort to the bathroom. Recognizing that water is an increasingly precious resource, Villeroy & Boch offers systems flushing as modern and environmentally Omnia GreenGain or AQUAREDUCT who merely 3.5 to 4.5 liters of water. The ceramic surface Ceramicplus is also very convincing ease of maintenance is such that it reduces the amount of water and detergent use. Comfort between the toilet elsewhere in a new dimension with the WC PurAir , which is equipped with an integrated technology designed to reduce odors.

The Role Of a Netbook In A Student's Lif

By Humera Ehsan

Netbooks are very common these days, and have made their place in the world of technology. Students are now more inclined towards this small gadget instead of a laptop, or any latest mobile. It plays an important role academically in a student's life, and that's described here.

Small Size: Students are already loaded with books, and other stuff; hence they have started taking a laptop an extra burden, but the netbooks are lighter in weight ranging from 1.6 to 1.76 Kg. This is an ideal technology for young students, who find it difficult to carry heavy machines.

Well-Compacted: A netbook is more compact than a laptop, and students find it very comfortable during lectures, while taking notes on it. The gadget will not annoy you in public due to this quality.

Well Equipped With Academic Tasks: During an academic period, the projects become easier to do on a netbook through Microsoft words, PowerPoint, Excel, and Photoshop. As, the battery life is up to ten hours, so there is nothing to worry about, if your presentation gets longer in an exam. Same lies true for office work when meetings sometimes prolong, but this small machine would stand by you till the end.

Provides Better Digital Writing: In a digitally noted lecture, it becomes easier for a student to make amendments in the lecture. On the other hand, a student who had missed his or her class can take notes from a friend through email. Though, a laptop also provides such features, but handling a netbook is easier than that.

Less Interruption: This is not an ideal gadget for playing games; hence there would be less interruption during a lecture, or while taking notes. A student would never love to wander around the screen other than the academic work.

Improved Performance: As you can work faster on it, and there is no writing issue, so a high quality work becomes possible. The student can also keep in touch with a teacher in non-academic hours through Skype, or any other way of chat. If you get fed up of a home, or school environment, you can take it along to a park to do presentations, or assignments.

Easy Cloud Computing: A netbook is especially designed to do cloud computing in a better way, and this technology has eliminated certain issues that occur due to incompatibility between personal computers, and college servers. Moreover, there are also less chances of a printer failure and data loss.

Though, the netbook is not as strong as a large laptop, but the machine is ideal for a person who has to move around a lot due to academic, or office work.

Different Types Of 3D TV's

By Graham J Baylis

There has been a great deal of interest in 3D TVs recently and the technology is really moving quickly. All the major manufacturers are developing their systems. They are available in a number of designs and sizes so there is bound to be one for you. However, this makes for a bewildering choice for the uninitiated and where to begin could seem quite confusing. There is a way of helping to simplify the types of 3D television and the first is the technology, do you want active or passive?

In order to understand the 2 types, you must first understand the technology. Active 3D requires that the viewer wears special 3D glasses. These special active shutter glasses work in conjunction with the television by alternatively allowing images to either the left or the right by blanking the opposite side. The passive type allows viewers to watch in 3D with less technical glasses. This technology works by combining the images presented to each eye to create a 3D picture by use of polarised lenses.

There are of course pros and cons to all things and this is no different. The active 3D glasses require batteries in order to work. They have shutters which have been built in so that they can alternate the frames to each eye at very high speeds without the viewer noticing. It is the speed of the shutters that create the 3D effect and these glasses are able to interact with the TV by transmitter. The best thing about this system, is that the viewer watches in full HD as well as 3D. The downside is that the glasses can be uncomfortable and they are expensive to buy. They can also occasionally, cause the wearer to feel nauseous or headachy but as the technology develops, this will hopefully become less of a problem.

The passive 3D glasses are much lighter, simpler and cheaper to buy. This system is known to reduce flicker and works by having 2 different lenses which have different polarization. There is also a polarized layer on the television. The downside is that there can be a loss of picture quality.

The next thing you need to look at is the display type of the TV. There are LED, plasma and LCD screens to choose from. You need to look at each display type as a 3D television and the one main difference between them is the refresh rate. Plasma screens have performed well here but LED and LCD screens have caught up as their technology has advanced. For most people the difference in picture quality is not apparent until the sets are seen side by side. There may not be much difference even then until you watch something like a fast moving sport.

Lastly, you should consider the display size. Where 3D TV is concerned, bigger is usually better. However, take into account the size of the room and your budget. An over large screen will not be nice to watch in a small room, so try and choose one that befits the room it will be situated in. As a general rule, the ideal distance to be seated from the screen is approximately three or four times the height of the television.

How Ultrasound Technology Benefits Humanity

By Nancy Redding

We use many different types of medical technologies to help to keep our health at optimum levels. This type of technology is something that is evolving on a regular basis and there are certainly methods that are available today that were not available just a few short years ago. An example of this is ultrasound, something that has been used successfully in medicine for just a few decades. It has assisted doctors in being able to diagnose and treat their patients in many cases, without ever doing any type of surgery. What is an ultrasound and how has this type of medical technology benefited humanity?

Ultrasound, when used medically is for the purpose of being able to view what is inside of the body without having to open the body to see it. All of your muscles, tendons and a wide variety of your internal workings can easily be seen using this type of technology. They can also help to see other things that may be in the body, some of which do not belong there. The type of technology that is being used is known as sonography. It bounces waves off of what is inside of your body and then gives a visual of what is inside by measuring the amount of time that it takes for those waves to return to the ultrasound medical equipment.

Most of us that are familiar with ultrasound are likely familiar with it because of how it is used with prenatal care. Using either new or preowned ultrasound machines, the doctor can look into the mother and view the child from a very young age. This can have many different benefits, including being able to see if there are any problems with the developing fetus. Many parents also appreciate the fact that they are able to see the child before it is born and if they agree, can even learn the sex of the child in advance. Of course, that is only one of the many uses of ultrasound in medicine.

This type of technology can also be used to detect any problems that are taking place within the heart. An ultrasound that is done in this way can allow the doctor to see the valves as they operate and can also allow them to check for any deposits that may be on the inside of the blood vessels. In addition, they can check the body for any blood clots that may be forming or that may exist in the blood vessels. They can then do what is necessary to break the blood clots or to filter them, depending upon the condition of the patient.

As ultrasound technology continues to improve, there is no doubt that there are going to be additional ways that it can be used to the benefit of those needing medical attention. It is something that is available in every hospital and many doctors offices are also able to get easy access to preowned ultrasound equipment that is affordable and use it for diagnostic purposes.

Thomas Edison Inventions

Thomas Edison’s Inventions have made profound impacts on society. So many of Thomas Edison’s inventions are held in such high regard that he is considered the greatest inventor of all time. Following are just a few of Thomas Edison’s inventions as well as Thomas Edison’s patents that he submitted to the patent office.

Thomas Edison’s Phonograph

Considered to be the first great Thomas Edison invention, and his life-long favorite, the phonograph would record the spoken voice and play it back.

When speaking into the receiver, the sound vibration of the voice would cause a needle to create indentations on a drum wrapped with tin foil. Later Edison would adopt cylinders and discs to permanently record music.

The first recorded message was of Thomas Edison speaking “Mary had a little lamb”, which greatly delighted and surprised Edison and his staff when they first heard it played back to them.




Thomas Edison Light Bulb

Thomas Edison is most well known for his invention of the light bulb. Contrary to popular belief, Edison did not invent the light bulb; it had been around for a number of years. The electric lights at the time, however, were unreliable, expensive, and short-lived. Over twenty distinct efforts by other inventors the world over were already underway when Edison entered the light bulb invention race.

By creating a vacuum inside the bulb, finding the right filament to use, and running lower voltage through the bulb, Edison was able to achieve a light bulb that lasted for many hours.  This was a substantial improvement, and one that led with more improvements, to making the light bulb practical and economical.

Of course, Edison also later invented the entire electric utility system so he could power all those light bulbs, motors and other appliances that soon followed.

Thomas Edison Motion Picture

Edison’s initial work in motion pictures (1888-89) was inspired byMuybridge’s analysis of motion. The first Edison device resembled his phonograph, with a spiral arrangement of 1/16 inch photographs made on a cylinder. Viewed with a microscope, these first motion pictures were rather crude, and hard to focus. Working with W. K. L. Dickson, Edison then developed the Strip Kinetograph, using George Eastman’s improved 35 mm celluloid film. Cut into continuous strips and perforated along the edges, the film was moved by sprockets in a stop-and-go motion behind the shutter.

In Edison’s movie studio, technically known as a Kinetographic Theater, but nicknamed “The Black Maria” (1893), Edison and his staff filmed short movies for later viewing with his peep hole Kinetoscopes (1894). One-person at a time could view the movies via the Kinetoscope. Each Kinetoscope was about 4 feet tall, 20 inches square, and had a peep hole magnifier that allowed the patron to view 50 feet of film in about 20 seconds. A battery-operated lamp allowed the film to be illuminated.

The First Thomas Edison Invention – The Electrographic Vote Recorder

Edison was 22 years old and working as a telegrapher when he filed his first patent for the Electrographic Vote Recorder.

The device was made with the goal of helping legislators in the US Congress record their votes in a quicker fashion than the voice vote system.

To work, a voting device was connected to a clerk’s desk where the names of the legislators were embedded. The legislators would move a switch to either yes or no, sending electric current to the device at the clerks desk.  Yes and No wheels kept track of the votes and tabulated the final results.


Magnetic Iron Ore Separator

Thomas Edison experimented during the 1880′s and 1890′s with using magnets to separate iron ore from low grade, unusable ores. His giant mine project in northwestern NJ consumed huge amounts of money as experimentation plodded forward.

Engineering problems and a decline in the price of iron ore [the discovery of the Mesabi iron rich ore deposits near the Great Lakes] lead this invention to be abandoned.

But later, Edison used what he learned with rock grinding to make his own robust version of Portland Cement, Edison Portland Cement, a very good product that built Yankee Stadium. Along the way, Edison totally revolutionized the cement kiln industry.